Summary: This research overview from MLQ.ai explores the technology landscape of cooling systems in AI data centers, highlighting direct-to-chip liquid cooling as the dominant strategy for modern AI workloads. It explains how liquid cooling—with cold plates and coolant distribution—helps achieve significantly lower power usage effectiveness (PUE) compared with traditional air cooling, enabling greater rack density and efficiency. The report also covers hybrid technologies like rear-door heat exchangers, which serve as transitional solutions in facilities moving toward full liquid cooling adoption. 
Source Link: https://mlq.ai/research/data-center-cooling/